Dance in Indonesia (Indonesian:
Tarian Indonesia) reflects the country's diversity of ethnicities and cultures. There are more than 700 ethnic groups in Indonesia: Austronesian roots and Melanesian
tribal forms are visible, and influences ranging from neighboring Asian
and even western styles through colonization. Each ethnic group has
their own dances; makes total dances in Indonesia are more than 3000
Indonesian original dances. The old traditions of dance and drama are
being preserved in the many dance schools which flourish not only in the
courts but also in the modern, government-run or supervised art
academies.
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For classification purpose, the dances of Indonesia can be divided
according to several aspects. In historical aspect it can be divided
into three eras; the prehistoric-tribal era, the Hindu-Buddhist era and
the era of Islam. According to its patrons, it can be divided into two
genres; court dance and folk dance. In its tradition, Indonesian dances
can be divided into two types; traditional dance and contemporary dance.
In Bali on November 19, 2011 UNESCO announced the traditional Saman dance from Aceh
province as a world intangible cultural heritage. Saman dance is unique
due to there are no music instrument accompany the dance and just only
sing and clap their hands together to create harmony in movement and
sound.
[2]
The Hindu-Buddhist Era
Lakshmana, Rama and Shinta in Ramayana ballet at Prambanan, Java.
With the advent of Dharmic religions in Indonesia, Hinduism and
Buddhism were celebrated in ritual and in art. They incorporated stories
of the Ramayana, Mahabharata and also Panji cycles
into dance-drama, which is called "Sendratari" (dance-drama) or
sometimes simply translated as "ballet". Highly stylized methods of
dances were developed and are still obvious nowadays, especially in the
islands of Java and Bali. The Javanese Ramayana dance-drama is regularly
staged and performed in 9th century Prambanan temple compound, Yogyakarta; while its Balinese counterpart is also performed in various Balinese temples throughout the island. The Javanese wayang wong
dance-drama took stories from the episodes of Ramayana or Mahabharata
Hindu epic. However, the dances are distinct to those of Indian. While
hand gestures are still very important, Indonesian dancers do not have
the Indian attention to mudra:
instead the dances incorporated local forms. Javanese court dances
stressed on graceful and slow movements while the dances of Balinese
court are more dynamic and very expressive. The Javanese sacred ritual
dance of Bedhaya is believed to have its root in 14th century Majapahit court or probably earlier, which originated as ritual dance performed by virgins to worship Indic deities such as Shiva, Brahma, and Vishnu.
In Bali, dances has become the integral part of Hindu Balinese
rituals. Experts believed that balinese dance derived from older dance
tradition of Java. Friezes on East Javanese temples built during the
14th century show headdresses almost identical to those still being used
for dances in Bali today. These represent a remarkable unbroken
continuity of form at least 600 years old. Certain sacred dances are
reserved and only performed during certain religious ceremony. Each
Balinese dances have special functions, from sacred ritual dances
performed only in Balinese temples such as sacred sanghyang dedari and Barong dance that involved trance, dance drama that retold the legends and popular stories such as legong and kecak, to the dance for welcoming guests such as pendet or social youth dance such as joged. The topeng dance also popular in Java and Bali, it often took story from Panji tales, originated from 12th century Kediri kingdom. The notable topeng dances are topeng Cirebon dance and topeng Bali dance.
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