Fragaria × ananassa, commonly known as
strawberry or
garden strawberry, is a hybrid species that is cultivated worldwide for its fruit. It is also called the
pineapple strawberry, or
ananas strawberry.
[1] The fruit (which is not a botanical berry, but an aggregate accessory fruit)
is widely appreciated for its characteristic aroma, bright red color,
juicy texture, and sweetness. It is consumed in large quantities, either
fresh or in prepared foods such as preserves, fruit juice, pies, ice creams, and milkshakes. Artificial strawberry aroma is also widely used in many industrialized food products.
The garden strawberry was first bred in Brittany, France, in the 1750s via a cross of
Fragaria virginiana from eastern North America and
Fragaria chiloensis, which was brought from Chile by Amédée-François Frézier in 1714.
[2]
Cultivars of
Fragaria ×
ananassa have replaced, in commercial production, the woodland strawberry, which was the first strawberry species cultivated in the early 17th century.
[3]
The strawberry is, in technical terms, an aggregate accessory fruit,
meaning that the fleshy part is derived not from the plant's ovaries but
from the receptacle that holds the ovaries.
[4] Each apparent "seed" (achene) on the outside of the fruit is actually one of the ovaries of the flower, with a seed inside it.
[4] In both culinary and botanical terms, the entire structure is considered a fruit.
[4]
Cultivation
Fragaria ×
ananassa 'Gariguette,' a cultivar grown in southern France
Strawberry cultivars vary widely in size, color, flavor, shape,
degree of fertility, season of ripening, liability to disease and
constitution of plant.
[5]
Some vary in foliage, and some vary materially in the relative
development of their sexual organs. In most cases, the flowers appear hermaphroditic in structure, but function as either male or female.
[6] For purposes of commercial production, plants are propagated from runners and, in general, distributed as either bare root plants or plugs. Cultivation follows one of two general models, annual plasticulture
[7] or a perennial system of matted rows or mounds.
[8] A small amount of strawberries are also produced in greenhouses during the off season.
[9]
A field using the plasticulture method
The bulk of modern commercial production uses the plasticulture system. In this method, raised beds are formed each year, fumigated,
and covered with plastic to prevent weed growth and erosion. Plants,
usually obtained from northern nurseries, are planted through holes
punched in this covering, and irrigation tubing is run underneath.
Runners are removed from the plants as they appear, in order to
encourage the plants to put most of their energy into fruit development.
At the end of the harvest season, the plastic is removed and the plants
are plowed into the ground.
[7][10]
Because strawberry plants more than a year or two old begin to decline
in productivity and fruit quality, this system of replacing the plants
each year allows for improved yields and denser plantings.
[7][10]
However, because it requires a longer growing season to allow for
establishment of the plants each year, and because of the increased
costs in terms of forming and covering the mounds and purchasing plants
each year, it is not always practical in all areas.
[10]
The other major method, which uses the same plants from year to year
growing in rows or on mounds, is most common in colder climates.
[7][8] It has lower investment costs, and lower overall maintenance requirements.
[8] Yields are typically lower than in plasticulture.
[8]
A diorama created from beeswax by Dr. Henry Brainerd Wright at the Louisiana State Exhibit Museum in Shreveport, Louisiana depicts strawberry harvesting. Strawberries are particularly grown in the southeastern portion of the state around Hammond.
A third method uses a compost sock. Plants grown in compost socks
have been shown to produce significantly higher oxygen radical
absorbance capacity (ORAC), flavonoids, anthocyanins, fructose, glucose, sucrose, malic acid, and citric acid than fruit produced in the black plastic mulch or matted row systems.
[11]
Similar results in an earlier 2003 study conducted by the US Dept of
Agriculture, at the Agricultural Research Service, in Beltsville
Maryland, confirms how compost plays a role in the bioactive qualities of two strawberry cultivars.
[12]
Strawberries are often grouped according to their flowering habit.
[5][13]
Traditionally, this has consisted of a division between "June-bearing"
strawberries, which bear their fruit in the early summer and
"ever-bearing" strawberries, which often bear several crops of fruit
throughout the season.
[13] Research has shown recently
[when?]
that strawberries actually occur in three basic flowering habits:
short-day, long-day, and day-neutral. These refer to the day-length
sensitivity of the plant and the type of photoperiod that induces flower formation. Day-neutral cultivars produce flowers regardless of the photoperiod.
[14]
Strawberries may also be propagated by seed, though this is primarily
a hobby activity, and is not widely practiced commercially. A few
seed-propagated cultivars have been developed for home use, and research
into growing from seed commercially is ongoing.
[15] Seeds (achenes) are acquired either via commercial seed suppliers, or by collecting and saving them from the fruit.
Strawberries can also be grown indoors in strawberry pots.
Kashubian strawberry (
truskawka kaszubska or
kaszëbskô malëna)
[16] is produced in Kartuzy, Kościerzyna and Bytów counties and in the municipalities of Przywidz
[disambiguation needed], Wejherowo, Luzino, Szemud, Linia
[disambiguation needed], Łęczyce and Cewice in Kashubia. Only the following varieties may be sold as
kaszëbskô malëna: Senga Sengana, Elsanta, Honeoye that have been graded as Extra or Class I.
